Open Applications > Utilities > Disk Utility, select View menu > Show all devices. Does it show up there, and if so, can you mount it (button in the top toolbar)?

More info: Disk Utility User Guide for Mac - Apple Support
If that does not resolve the issue, perform the following troubleshooting steps:
Perform a Hard Power Cycle of the Dock:
- Unplug the UGREEN dock completely from both the Mac mini M4 and its wall power adapter (if it uses external power). Leave it disconnected for at least 30 to 60 seconds to completely drain residual capacitance from the dock's internal USB/NVMe bridge chip.
- Reconnect power first, then plug it back into the Mac mini.
Check System Information (The "Hardware" Level):
- Instead of just Disk Utility, hold the option key then click on the Apple menu and select System Information
- Look under Hardware > USB or NVMe / PCI (depending on how the dock exposes the drive).
- If the UGREEN bridge chip appears in the USB tree, the Mac sees the enclosure, meaning the SSD itself or the partition table isn't responding.
- If the bridge chip itself is missing from the system report, the dock's controller may be locked up or experiencing a firmware/power handshake failure with macOS post-update.
Reseat the M.2 SSD:
- Even though the SSD is fitted inside the dock by design, power down the Mac mini, disconnect the dock, open the enclosure compartment, remove the 2TB NVMe stick, inspect the golden contacts for dust or debris, and firmly re-seat it into the M.2 slot before tightening it back down
Also...
There were a few prior posts on this forum from users who couldn’t access their external drive due to the drive manufacturer’s software that they used to encrypt the drive. Lacie/Seagate, Samsung, SanDisk, etc., all provide 'drive management' software on their drives and using such 3rd party software can cause issues when macOS is updated and the 3rd party software becomes incompatible. Not sure if that's the issue here, but FYI the best practice with a new external drive (SSD/HDD, not applicable to NAS drives) is to use Disk Utility to complete erase it, format it as GUID/APFS and apply encryption if desired.